Skull Beneath the Skin

The avowed aim of the crime fiction genre is a quest for justice for the victims of crime. This is driven by our fears and desires. It is the moral responsibility of the detective to solve the crime, and see that moral order is restored. As humans we have an innate sense that justice must be served; the quest of the detective becomes ours as well. Murder, being the ultimate crime reflects our fear of death and our desire to see moral retribution. It is part of the human condition to understand the world around us and from this desire stems an existential anxiety and a fear of the arbitrary and inexplicable cruelty of fate. Life is fraught with moral ambiguities. Appropriately the title the skull beneath the skin refers to the fact that death is ever present lurking beneath the surface just as a skull hides beneath the face. P. D James challenges the traditional conventions of the crime fiction genre. She clearly incorporates a combination of intuitionist, realist and hard-boiled styles of Crime fiction and even explicitly draws attention to these by intertextually referencing other crime works such as Marlowe, Webster and Shakespeare. In her novel James transforms the simplicities and crudities of the old- fashioned detective story, which usually approach the plot as an intellectual puzzle of â€Å"whodunit†, into a modern detective story concerned with psychological truth and the moral ambiguities of human action. The classic detective story rests on the fundamental idea that â€Å" the good will triumph and the bad will be punished†, leaving the reader with a reassurance that justice will be served. However, James’s subverted approach to the genre demonstrates realism as depicted by the moral ambiguities and the relative nature of truth. The novels unsatisfactory approach to reality is effectively utilized in her plot, which mirrors a cynical modern awareness that life is not necessarily just or fair. For example, we are morally ambiguous about Simons’ murder of Clarissa, we see it as provoked and justified and we sympathise with him. James offers us an enigmatic ending rather than any restoration of justice or social order- it is unclear to the reader whether or not Cordelia will be able to prove Ambrose’s is guilt or whether he will be brought to justice. Her readers recognize that in reality there is no stable, secure or protective refuge against evil or murder Despite the fact that PD James sought to elevate crime fiction into literature, she does conform to the conventions of attributing motives to a number of suspects. This tangle of motivations creates an atmosphere of suspense and intrigue for the reader, allowing her to delve into the psychological truth of her characters. This complexity of plot and character is consistent with James’s view of the detective genre. This technique engages the audience enabling them to identify with the detectives quest to find those responsible for the murder so that order can be restored. James goes to a lot of trouble to establish the possible motives for Clarissa’s murder. Clarissa is detested be everyone, due to her egotism, faithlessness and manipulative personality. This alienates everyone involved with her, giving each person a strong motive for menacing her with notes containing death quotes and later for murdering her. Tolly, her devoted assistant has reason to resent Clarissa. Clarissa denies Tolly the right to see her dying daughter, as it would interfere with her performance of Macbeth. Ironically, Clarissa was playing Lady Macbeth, but she herself was possessed of evil. Courcy Island is an artifical environment of the egotistical dream of Ambrose Gorringe. It is a world of Victoriana with Macabre memorabilia, such as the marble arm of the princess, which even repels the antique dealer when handling it because â€Å" it reminds me of death†. This setting is a microcosm of British high society, with its servility rituals such as fancy dinner parties and constant maid service. These rituals act as a facade and a disguise for feelings, motives and human flaws. The society at Courcy contrasts vividly with the simplicity and morality of Cordelia, who is happiest locating lost cats in her detective agency, â€Å" Animals didn’t torment themselves with the fear of death†¦ they didn’t burden you with their psychological problems.. they didn’t surround themselves with possessions†. Conversely James’s novel is very concerned with all three of these human flaws. In traditional detective fiction, the setting is an essential part of story. It is not only a backdrop for the action but also creates atmosphere and helps provide clues that are necessary in the investigation. Typical of the Intuitionists text, Courcy Island is a classic closed setting physically and socially cut off from the outside world, which can only be accessed by boat. In this respect the investigation is limited to a certain location and group of people, creating an atmosphere of fear and suspense, intensifying the sense of immanent threat- â€Å"Here on the southern shore where the mainland couldn’t be seen, it was easy to imagine that the island was totally lost at sea.. †. Crime fiction is often set in a hostile world, which appears dangerous and threatening. In the novel, this danger is alluded to by the awareness of the characters of its violent and bloodstained history including its chambers of horrors and its morbid past of murders, plagues and tortures, â€Å" They saw the skulls at once. One whole wall was patterned with them, a grinning parade of death†. As Cordelia begins her investigation she learns many dark secrets and we as an audience realize that the occupants of Courcy Island may go to extreme and violent measures to protect these secrets. Not only does this indicate danger in the past, it alludes to danger in the present. These factors of setting combine with the references to the fear of death, which permeate the novel, give it a macabre atmosphere. In the modern world we are continually faced with images of death in our everyday lives. We feel our powerlessness in the face of death, and this fear haunts human existence. Thus the reader finds comfort in seeing murderers brought to justice. Ironically, when Gorringe is finally exposed as the murderer, we have no such assurance from James that justice will prevail. Clarissa’s fear of death verges on the paranoid, giving us the title of the novel. She tells Cordelia, â€Å"I always see the skull beneath the skin†. This fear is exacerbated by the death notes she receives with their well-known quotations focusing on fears, judgments and the inevitability with death. â€Å" On pain of death let no man name death to me â€Å" (Brachiano’s words from The White Devil). These references become ominous motifs and help build the sinister atmosphere. They are ultimately the reason Cordelia is called upon to watch over her-â€Å"Cordelia felt their potent and nostalgic power†. James makes even the physical environment of the Island become part of a deathly ambience: † Outside the accumulated heat†¦ like a sweaty fumed soaked blanket.. utting of air†. Finally, Cordelia fails in her assigned task to prevent the murder of Clarissa and is indeed threatened herself with death. This realism is typical of James’s non-idealized approach to detective fiction genre. Cordelia is not a super sleuth who triumphs in the punishment of the perpetrator. She is meticulous and thorou gh in her procedure of the investigation. However, she is exhausted by the psychological complexities and lacks the consolation of knowing that the perpetrator will be punished. She welcomes the new cases of lost cats. This is almost a sense of anti-climax in the context of detective fiction. Her incursion into the world of psychological complexity has confronted her with the fear of death and the quest for justice. However she is happy to suspend herself from this intimacy with death and to resume a humble existence. Much of our lives consists in appreciating the mundane. Therefore, we to have to suspend the fear of mortality, as well as the desire to understand â€Å" the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune†.

Analysis of the Poem “Genesis”

Bruce Dawe, an Australian poet, has written the poem ‘Genesis'. The poem compares the beginning of school to Adam and Eve's expulsion from the Garden of Eden, hence the title ‘Genesis'. Dawe has put the context of the poem into a modern day theme. Using the comparison of Adam and Eve's loss of innocence, he describes how the innocence of children is lost at school. This correspondence to the story of God expelling Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden because they had eaten fruit from the tree of knowledge. In the poem ‘Genesis', children are expelled from innocence into the harsh realities of the world by partaking of the tree of knowledge – education at school. Dawe has used various techniques to convey his message across. Throughout the poem, there is an underlying criticism of what society does to children by sending them to school, leading us to question the wisdom of â€Å"education† as provided at school. He has achieved this critical commentary by lightly incorporating the technique of gentle satire into the poem to attack the human folly. This satire implies that society has not learnt from Adam and Eve's mistakes and condones the sinful behaviour in the name of â€Å"education†. His idea has been put forward by the interpretations that God created Adam and Eve, of whom lost their innocence from the tree of knowledge, but society created the cause of the loss of innocence through education. In the lines â€Å"Ah, what ink-stained webs we weave†(1.23), Dawe implies that the adults of society have created a trap (that cannot be untangled) for their children, in their desire for their children to know more, almost pushing them into losing their purity of heart. This satire has made possible by the technique of irony because the Garden of Eden is supposed to harmonise paradise, but school is far from paradise; yet is respected and designated as a ‘good' place by society. The predominating mood created by Dawe is quite paradoxical for he has put forward a serious inner meaning, in an informal manner. The tone of the poem is cynical and sarcastic, occasionally using wry humour to express the feelings of entrapment and unwillingness of the children â€Å"Stabbing first flies with new biros† (1.8). In the poem you can almost sense the children's lack of freedom when the poet describes them â€Å"Watching corner-eyed, the sun, No longer at their beck and calling† (1.10-11). The school bell has replaced their freedom of control over the day. Using sarcasm, Dawe describes the different classrooms as prison cells. This implication is made by the words â€Å"Like old ‘lags' to whom all's one!† (1.7). ‘Lag' was the name given to a convict in the early days of Australian's history and refers to the children who are â€Å"imprisoned† in their classrooms. The fact that all cells look the same illustrates their lack of interest in their classrooms. It all symbolises the loss of freedom. The children's loss of freedom innocence is shown throughout the poem and is illustrated by examples of them choosing bad over good. â€Å"Dumping wholesome snacks Mum makes, In the school incinerator† (1.22) and eating â€Å"tooth-rotting cakes† (1.19) and drinking â€Å"Mind-destroying Fizzi-cola† (1.20). With the help of his mindful selection of words such as, ‘mincing' and ‘cocky' he has built up the imagery that incorporates the sense of flirtatiousness and rebelliousness in the students. Other effects of imagery include the use of metaphor where Dawe compares the delay of sound from a jet-plane to the delay of understanding from the school children when faced by the information in their new text-books. â€Å"Like jet ‘planes so far above them, Waiting for the sonic boom† (1.16-17). The use of simile is also closely connected with the metaphor, where Dawe compares the difficulty of schoolwork to the difficulty of reaching a jet-plane. â€Å"Text-book whose right answers loom, Like jet ‘planes so far above them†(1.15-16). By using both techniques, Dawe enables the reader to visualise more clearly the poet's impressions. The words used by Dawe are vivid and image is substantial, yet simplistic. This allows readers of all levels to appreciate and understand his writing even those who do not normally care for poetry. He has accomplished this in ‘Genesis' by using compound words throughout the whole poem, which allow him to describe ideas promptly and concisely, producing a clear image of his intentions: â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦tooth-rotting cakes, Mind-destroying fizzi-cola† Along with these compound adjectives his rhyming pattern and regular rhythm futher enhances ease of reading and permits the poem to become almost harmonious. Dawe's negative connotations of school, aroused emotions of sadness. This is because I believe the poem speaks of truth of that innocence is lost in school, a place that provides one of the most important aspects to life, education. Dawe has created this poem to comment on the tragedy of the human race, that is to say, what children have become since Adam and Eve. However, I find that his negative attitudes are not necessarily accurate. Despite my disagreeing view with Dawes beliefs, he has nevertheless been successful in conveying his intentions – to satirise the human obsession with education and the emphasis placed on school learning. He has achieved by incorporating many techniques into his work.

How Does The Carbon Cycle Work Environmental Sciences Essay

The C rhythm can be defined as the uninterrupted biological procedure through which the C is exchanged between the environment and the beings. It besides refers to the thermonuclear reactions which are brought about by karyon of a C -12 atom when it absorbs protons. The sporadic clime alterations being experienced in the universe today are attributable to the break of C rhythm in one manner or the other. Top of the possible causes of this break are human activities. States are loath to accept their portion of incrimination on the whole issue taking to a blasted game. Unless the universe unites against this common cause, the worst is expected to come. This paper covers the C rhythm, how it works and how it ‘s altering in response to human activities. Carbon is found in the ambiance in signifier of the C dioxide gas. Other ambiance gases which contain C dioxide include CFCs and methane. The deficiency or the improper operation of this rhythm can be really awful since workss and animate beings wholly depend on this rhythm during their major biological procedures. The work of the C rhythm can be evaluated or assessed in conformity to the different procedures that change or move C from one signifier to another. These procedures are viz. decomposition, photosynthesis, natural weathering of stones, respiration and the ignition of fossil fuels. During the procedure of photosynthesis C which remains in the ambiance as the C dioxide gas enters into the web of consumers and manufacturers or what is referred to as the ecological nutrient web. After its entry the photosynthetic beings ( algae, workss ) absorb the C dioxide through the bantam pores found in their foliages. Via photosynthesis the workss can now utilize the captive C dioxide an d change over it into simple sugars which are indispensable in the workss growing and reproduction. Plants besides pass C to the animate beings particularly when the animate beings feed o the workss since they do non hold the ability to do their ain nutrient ( Ryn and Cowan 87 ) . Respiration procedure is besides found in the C rhythm but it is unlike photosynthesis because it occurs in the decomposers, workss and animate beings. The respiration procedure besides produces C because the constituent of O is used in interrupting down organic compounds into the C dioxide gas and H2O. Through this procedure of respiration C atoms which start out as the compounds of C dioxide are absorbed through the organic structure of human being and so passed to the ambiance ready for another recycling. Decomposition happens to be the major procedure through which C is passed to the ambiance in signifier of C dioxide. This is achieved through the usage of decomposers ( microorganisms ) which are chiefly found in dirt and H2O. These decomposers normally take in dead and waste merchandises which are chiefly found in signifier of decomposing remains of animate beings and workss. At the same clip they release C dioxide through the procedure of respiration. As before stated, enduring of stones is the other procedure through which C atoms are released. For illustration the calcium hydroxide stone ( an ocean floor rock formed by marine plankton shells ) traps many C atoms. These C atoms are released sometimes after a million old ages when the ocean Waterss recede and the calcium hydroxide stone becomes exposed. Scientifically, it ‘s noted that when a calcium hydroxide stone is set out to the natural procedure of enduring it releases the already trapped atoms becomes a really active portion of the C rhythm one time. Human activities/processes besides increase the C dioxide in the ambiance. One of these activities is the burning of the fossils fuels. Due to the rapid enlargement of industrial revolution many people have been firing the fuels which contain oil and coal to power their engines. The changeless production of these fuels has resulted into immense sums of C dioxide in the ambiance. Most of the C dioxide produced by the burning of these fuels is nevertheless absorbed by workss, oceans and dirts therefore cut downing the increasing effects of planetary heating ( Scienceclarified.com 1 ) . The human activities that influence the C rhythm Human activities have greatly interfered with the procedures involved in the C rhythm. An illustration of these human activities is deforestation. Deforestation is the remotion of natural happening woods through cutting and firing of trees in any forested country. Peoples cut trees to utilize them as fuel, to utilize the land for grazing land, farming and to construct colonies. Active deforestation means that there will be no trees which emit O while devouring C constituents ( C dioxide ) . This leads to increased C dioxide than its consumed therefore destructing the C rhythm. The addition in C constituents in the air consequences into planetary heating ( inordinate warming o the Earth ‘s and oceans surface ) . This inordinate warming consequences into dried rivers or decreased volumes of H2O in the earths surface because the hydrological rhythm will be affected by higher rates of precipitation ( Miller 217 ) . Harmonizing to White ( 1203 ) , the ecologies have greatly been changed by overgrazing, terrassing, irrigation and the film editing of trees. For illustration he says that the Romans used to cut trees to construct ships which were used to contend Carthaginians. He besides states that the Bankss on the lower parts of the river Nile are now a human artefact alternatively of the African jungle which nature could hold created alternatively of adult male. He besides talks of historic ecological alteration which has been caused by the agricultural innovation. Farming prompts deforestation because there must be cutting down of trees to make more infinite for farming. This ecological alteration will be contributed by the addition of C constituents in the air since the forest screen is non available. The green house sort of agriculture is one of the major agricultural subscribers to the break of the C rhythm. This is because the green houses emit gases which are non utilised therefore conveyi ng about planetary heating. Some of the gases emitted include the signifier of C referred to as CFCs. It therefore transpires that the sum of the C produced is higher than the sums consumed. Another human activity which has contributed vastly to the break of the C rhythm is the burning of fuels. This is because of the increased combustion of fuels emits immense sums of C constituents. This will take to greater volumes of C dioxide in the air which will non be consumed therefore doing the C rhythm in effectual. White ( 1204 ) provinces that by 1925, London had experienced a smog job which was caused by the uninterrupted combustion of soft coal. He besides suggests that the current burning of fossil fuels is high up to the point of endangering to alter the universe ‘s ambiance as a whole. White besides suggests that war was another human activity which resulted in to ecological alterations including the break of the C rhythm. He asserts that the first cannon were fired in the early fourteenth century and this affected the ecology because workers were forced to the woods and mountains to scramble for more, S, potassium hydroxide, Fe ore and wood coal where by some res ulted into eroding and deforestation. He besides warns that a war fought with H bombs can change the genetic sciences of life. For illustration it will impact the procedures of the C rhythm between human existences and workss. Harmonizing to Mackenzie ( 1 ) , angling and whaling activities will impact the planetary C rhythm. This is because the uninterrupted remotion of the Marine biology has resulted into increased atmospheric C dioxide. She besides suggests that the rise of C dioxide or C has been caused by progressive fishing which has caused biomass depletion of the universe ‘s ocean. Nowadays, the marine productiveness is now comparatively lower than it used to be when there was a kept up C balance in the ocean-atmosphere. Another signifier of human activities which have influenced the flow of the C rhythm is air conditioning and infrigidation. This is because they utilize the C available in the air which is in signifier of CFC therefore suppressing the continuity of C rhythm between workss and animate beings. These human activities are nevertheless really of import in the universe because they cut down the effects of planetary heating by absorbing the excess C available in the air. Another huma n activity that has influenced the C rhythm is the transition of wild lands and agricultural lands into colonies. These human colonies are the major subscribers to the increased emanations of the planetary C dioxide. They affect the C rhythm through the direct emanations of the C dioxide ensuing from burning of fuels, the changes of the works and C rhythms during the transition of wild lands to urban and residential land screen and the indirect effects of urban and residential land screen on energy usage ecosystem C cycling. In human colonies the dirt C is lost through the dirt perturbations caused by the transition from natural to urban or sub-urban land screen type. The transition of good settled and managed land screen into human colonies consequences into higher rates of C segregation and storage due to big inputs of fertiliser, H2O and organic affair ( Pataki et al 1 ) . Plants cited â€Å" Carbon rhythm † Science clarified. Retrieved on 27th January 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scienceclarified.com/Ca-Ch/Carbon-Cycle.html Mackenzie, Debbie. THE EFFECTS OF FISHING AND WHALING ACTIVITIES ON THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE, 2001. Retrieved on 27th January 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fisherycrisis.com/strangelove.html Miller Tyler. Populating in the Environment: Principles, Connection. Stamford: Cengage Learning, 2008 Pataki, Diane. Human colonies and the North American C rhythm, 2006. Retrieved on 27th January 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.climate.noaa.gov/ccsp/22_SOCCR_Chapter14.pdf Ryn, Sim, and Cowan, Stuart. Ecological design. Washington: Island imperativeness, 1996 White, Lynn. The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis, Vol 155 ( figure 3767 ) , march 10 1967, pp 1203-1207. Cycle Human Settlements and the North

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 407

Assignment Example Elisa Allen is the girl upon which the story unveils upon. She is an awesome gardener and the wife to the rancher. However, we learn that she doesn’t enjoy her day-to-day life as a gardener. This is exemplified when tinker approached her. This made her life to significantly change. The change may be forever. The author has used her to play a role in showing difference between the modern woman and the repressed woman. The other character is one that we can actually have little sorry for. Henry Allen is the husband to Elisa. He is a well-meaning rancher who is down righted and bewildered by her wife Elisa. The ‘intrigue’ is our third character who is referred by many as the tinker. Throughout the story, we do not actually know the real name of this character. The story is developed in the third person point of view. In the fourth paragraph, the camera obsessively zooms on Elisa. We are veered into a different place where we assume that we are now dealing with the narrator whoa at time establishes in Elisa’s minds. The point of view helps us to get the tone. Tone can be described as snob and callous. The story starts with us been introduced to protagonist, Elisa. She is depicted as the beauty that survives in the blooms. The conflict is as well entailed in the story, and complication. Elisa speaks to the stranger and gives him chrysanthemums. The story relies on the theme of love and betrayal. The women role in the gardens as well as the responsibilities they are

Critique of a nursing theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critique of a nursing theory - Essay Example 19) to a situation where one requires assistance with the end goal of preserving and attaining a specified "health and wellness" (Johnson & Bayliss, 2005, p. 19). Given this definition, it follows that there exist theories on how such knowledge, skills, values, meanings, and experiences should be applied to a given situation. In this vein, there would also be theories on how these factors should be gained and learned. As one of the most celebrated nurses of all time and as the person who singlehandedly popularized nurse training, which eventually led to the establishment of nursing as a new profession for women (Attewell, 1998, p. 151), Florence Nightingale and her early theories on nursing are both fascinating. Hence, I have decided to write a critique on the Florence Nightingale's Environmental Model. The environmental model, it is clear that it was a product of Florence Nightingale's meticulous observation of her career as a nurse and that of others as evidence by the Notes on Nursing (1860) she compiled. This model, together with the notes, is enough proof that the Nightingale of her uniqueness in her time. Though borne by wealthy parents, she was different. According to Mary Garofalo and Elizabeth Fee (2010), She wanted a higher calling; she wanted to work; to use her intellect, her skills, her moral passion; and to make a difference in the world. She refused to be a subordinate to a husband; she was bored with the trivial lives that upper class women led; she had her destiny to fulfill. She told her parents that she wanted to be a nurse. (p. 1588). In spite of the reactions of her parents, she persisted. She wrote that her parents were horrified. "It was as if I had said I wanted to be a kitchen-maid" (Garofalo & Fee, 2010, p. 1588). Instead of submitting to the will of her parents, she persevered and after 9 years of struggling with them, she was eventually was allowed to train. This characteristic is just one of the many that I admire in Florence Nightingale. While I was researching for this paper, I thought to myself that if I only have an ounce of her determination, then I would achieve my dreams and goals easily. The environmental model maintains that the "manipulation of physical and social factors" (Johnson & Bayliss, 2005, p. 121) can significantly affect the state of health of an individual and the probability that such individual will eventually acquire an illness. The intent of the theory therefore is to emphasize that health and wellness can be adversely affected by how one's environment is managed or mismanaged. As Johnson and Bayliss (2005) themselves admit, though this theory was developed by the Nightingale more than 150 years ago, it is still relevant and as a matter of fact has created the standard for the prevention of illnesses and the restoration of health and wellness (p. 121). Specifically, she identified several factors that are present in a patient's environment and which have large impact on health and illness. These are pure or fresh air, pure water, sufficient food supplies, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and light (e.g., direct sunlight). What is interesting is that even not knowing these factors and without any knowledge of the environmental m

WOTS UP Analysis and Company Capability Profile for Roche Essay

WOTS UP Analysis and Company Capability Profile for Roche - Essay Example The paper tells that throughout the years, Roche has followed a policy of making strategic acquisitions and divestures to position the company for growth and ensure it remains at the forefront of the health industry. It is important to provide a safe, quality, and cost efficient products in order to open up new avenues for growth. However, in order to build on these the company needs to overcome the strengths and weaknesses to have a strong stage for future growth. The Company Capability Profile, which examines a company's Strengths and Weaknesses by assess the degree of its Managerial, Competitive, Financial, and Technical Strength and Weakness. In order for this to happen, the establishment must perform a company capability profile to assess its internal environment for particular strengths and weaknesses that must be addressed. Finally, a strategic position and action evaluation takes into account the firm’s financial strengths and competitive advantages with respect to the strength of its industry and the overall environmental stability. WOTS-UP Analysis, short for as Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Strength, is a highly effective method used for information gathered via a funnel process. This will help the Planning Committee highlight major issues and then narrow them to the few that are most vital. These decisions will help create a mission statement, select priority roles, and identify goals and objectives. WOTS-UP Analysis captures the strengths and weakness within Roche and the opportunities and threats that exist in their surroundings. ... also be done to takes into account the firm's financial strengths and competitive advantages with respect to the strength of its industry and the overall environmental stability. WOTS-UPp Analysis By: Michelle Wong WOTS-UPp Analysis, short for as Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats, and Strength, is a highly effective method used for synthesizing information gathered on aspects that may be internal or external to the company via a funnel process. This will helps the companyPlanning Committee highlight major issues and then narrow them to the few that are most vital. These decisions will help create a mission statement, select priority roles, and identify goals and objectives. WOTS-UPp Analysis captures the Sstrengths and Wweaknesses within Roche and the Oopportunities and Tthreats that exist outside in theirits surroundings. These analyses emphasize areas to be leveraged and stress areas for improvement within the firm and within their industry and market. iv Company Capability Profile: Roche Central Nervous System Segment Company Capability Profile: Central Nervous System By: Michelle Wong Managerial Factors By: Michelle Wong The key to reviving Roche's own drug development is new to emphasize value-based management, more consistent with the systematic "Winning For The Future" manifesto. Especially Wwithin the past decades especially, Roche played a much less significant role in the Central Nervous System segment of the pharmaceuticals market, which accounted for which accounted for .16% of the market share globally. Although, Rocheit is managesing to exceed its limitsobjectives in its Oncology and Diagnostic segments, but if Roche does not stand uptake action and start to learn how to balance in all segments then Roche's corporate image will be

A Precis on Interpreting History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Precis on Interpreting History - Essay Example This feature denotes that the gods provide for the human race. In the same respect, the forefathers of the American people laid a strong foundation that sees their survival to date. The use of this feature is critically linked to American history, especially in regard to the foundation of America as a nation. Anne Bradstreet: â€Å"The Tenth Muse, Lately Sprung Up in America† is the interpreting history feature included in the second chapter of the book. This feature highlights Anne Bradstreet’s collection of poems. In this text, Anne Bradstreet talks about the social, economic, and political environment in America in the 1600’s. American was changing across these aspects, thus capturing Anne Bradstreet’s attention alongside that of the world in general. The third chapter of the book emphasizes on the social groupings in America, and the rise of intensive political organization in and out of North America. To mimic the scenario at the time, the Marry or do not marry feature is employed at the interpreting history section of the third chapter. Massive political activities across America, Spain, England, and France were going on in the period between 1660 and 1715. The interpreting history feature in this chapter evaluates unity and rebellion activities that characterized the aforementioned nations and among others. The situation is best explained through a social context that denotes marry or do not marry. Practices of slavery are part and parcel of the American history. At the height of colonialism, slavery became a form of trade between many countries across the globe. In the light of African enslavement, the fourth chapter makes reference to Releese Us out of This Cruell Bondegg. This feature of interpreting history in chapter four was a plea for liberation that was made be a slave in the year 1723. This feature highlights the ups and downs

Feudalism and the Manorial System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Feudalism and the Manorial System - Essay Example Manorial system was social and economic system in medieval Europe. The system regulated peasant land tenure and production, administered taxation and local justice. There is a close relationship between the manorial system and feudalism. In both cases, regulation of land tenure featured as a major factor that influenced production of the nation. The difference of the systems is the political and military aspect. In medieval Europe, feudalism and manorial system defined the structure of governance. In the feudal system, the king leased land to his immediate juniors in the monarchial hierarchy. The king gave them vast stretches of land. The people receiving land from the king were vassals. They managed the land under their control. The system was a form of exchange of services. In return, the king gained loyalty and war troops from the vassals. The vassals had a responsibility of working as knights. This included serving in castles and undertaking training for forty days. When the king waged war, the vassals were to fight for the king with all loyalty. Other returns to the king from the vassals were financial support and hosting of the king’s entourage during tours. When feudalism arose in Europe, it involved the exchange of weapons and other items. When Europe entered the agrarian period, then land was included in the feudal system. The barons further divided their land and leased it under the same conditions. Feudalism involving land formed the manorial system. Landowners hired peasants to work in the farms. The peasants earned a source of living from this. Other peasants practiced different forms of art on the small plots of land and paid taxes in return to the landowner. The manorial system led to the formation of a noble class. Landowners formed the noble class while peasants were commoners. The difference in social status explains how each of the groups lived. The rich landowners treated the peasants as slaves. The life of the peasants depended on th e landowners. In the hierarchy, the landowners had a responsibility of providing the king with war troops. The taxation and local justice system depended on each baron. Some of the barons overtaxed the peasants working on the fiefs (Spielvogel 358). Feudalism and the manorial system were distinct systems. However, sometimes barons gained land ownership through feudal grants. The highest order, the king leased land to the barons. Marriage and inheritance are the other pathways through which barons received land. The manorial system served to sustain the medieval Europe economically. Manors had the potential to produce enough for consumption and the surplus directed to the market. The medieval European society consisted of manorial villages. There was exchange of goods between the villages. Contribution of the Christian Faith in Renaissance Though perceived differently, the Renaissance in a general sense may be looked upon as the achievement of present spirit in opposition the spirit and faith that existed during the middle age. In the progression of western civilization, there was a period defined by disease, death, and waging war. During this period, there were little advances made in technology. People were less interested in literary works. However, the era that followed was different. People had a lot of interest in literary works, philosophy, and understanding of nature. The power of man’

Outline and evaluate the negotiating skills you have used Essay

Outline and evaluate the negotiating skills you have used - Essay Example Specified means of negotiations can be utilized in numerous situations, be it in legal systems, industrial disputes, government, or domestic relationships. General negotiation skills are learned and applied in an extensive range of activities to resolve any difference that arise in a work place. I was working in the United Credit Bank in Azerbaijan, during my internship, where I used to deal with the reporting process. On several occasions, I used my negotiation skills to be permitted to make some significant changes in my reports. However, it could have been more successful if I could have identified these issues prior to producing the report, so I wouldn’t need to enquire from my manager to give me permission for making the changes in the reports. As much as the idea was not viewed negatively by my manager, I realized that I could have behaved in a more successful way. Some of the negotiating skills I used include the following: Preparation First, I used to prepare myself fo r the negotiations by deciding on when and where I would meet my manager after writing my reports. At this stage, I also used to limit the time I could use when asking her of any issues to prevent any disagreement and unnecessary conversations between the two of us. I always made sure that I have gone through my reports especially those concerning any monetary records to be fully aware of the facts so that it could be easier for me to clarify my position to the manager. In this context, I specifically went through the rules and regulations of the bank and made sure they were on my fingertips to prove that I had not violated any policy. By this, my boss could not spend much time trying to clarify information that she expected I was familiar with (Nadler, 2003). Analyzing the problem As a bank employee at that time, I had to ensure that my internship become successful, hence I took my time to determine what my manager really expected of me. Before I could approach her, I used to analy ze the issues in my reports, especially in record keeping so that both our interests could not disagree. I often detailed by analysis by identifying the interested parties, such as the manager herself, the auditor, and other executives, and spot out the issues they could have criticized. However, sometimes I could not single out the real issues as required. Active listening during discussions Putting in mind that I often did not spot out the actual issues of concern, I could forward my cases exactly the way I saw them. Major skills used here included questioning, clarifying, and listening to my manager. Sometimes I could take notes as she explained to record important points put forward just in case I needed more clearing up. Nevertheless, it came to my notice that I rarely applied this skill efficiently because I tented to concentrate more on noting than listening. This led to hardships at some points as she could end up talking too much than I expected and that I never got an equa l chance to present my case as she always did. Another impact I noted when I seemed to write much and listen less was that I failed to notice her body language, which could have enabled me to know if she was happy with my questions or if she demonstrated something important. She could at times forbid me from writing and use my pen to illustrate her point by rectifying the issues in my reports, and this is when I often concentrated. Control of emotions The United Credit Bank of Azerbaijan is a large bank with many daily activities and

The Impact of Buddhism on Indian Society Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Buddhism on Indian Society Essay It has been said that Buddhism came as a reaction to the corruption of the Vedic ideals that were governing the Indian society. The Vedic ideals which were governing society till then had become conventional and lost their inner force. As we have seen in the earlier chapter, the caste system had a high and noble goal; but now it tended to become hereditary, rigid and inelastic. At the same time the teachings of the Vedic Rishis were being applied in a more and more ritualistic and mechanical manner. As already seen, Indian society was graded in such a way that all men could participate in a full life according to their stage of evolution under the control of Dharma. As and when one was ready, one could take up the full spiritual life at the appropriate time. Life was not divided into the spiritual life and the ordinary life for it was a gradual ascension into spirituality. But now with the weakening of the Vedic ideals, spirituality waned and the fulfilment of life became an excuse for the uncontrolled indulgence of desires and worldly satisfactions. A temporary period of negation was therefore necessary. Buddhism with its exaggerated stress on the unreality of this world and worldly desires seemed to satisfy this need. In sum, Buddhism came as a reaction to the lowering of the Vedic ideals. However, Buddhism by its exaggerated emphasis on quiescence and self-abnegation, unwisely created a division in society; it created two distinct classes the monk and the layman, the man of the world and the spiritual man. This division implied that the man of the world was inferior to the monk and thus relegated worldly action to the lowest importance. This division of society into two classes, namely the spiritual seekers and the ordinary man created a disharmony and became the author of confusion in society. As a result, under its influence half the nation moved in the direction of spiritual passivity and negation, the other by a natural reaction plunged deep into a splendid but enervating materialism. The Indian race lost three parts of its ancient heroic manhood, its grasp on the world, its magnificently ordered polity and its noble social fabric. Thus Buddhism weakened Indian society although Buddha himself contributed greatly to Indian spirituality. Buddhism never really took firm root in India; it was outside India, in China and Japan and Tibet that it got established. But the Buddha himself was recognised by Indian religion as one of the Avatars. However, it must be added that the Buddhist influence on art was considerable and it inspired for centuries Indian sculpture and painting. Indeed some of the finest pieces of Indian art have been the direct result of Buddhistic influence; one such example is the painting and sculptures in Ajanta and Ellora. It will not be out of place to note the differences between Hinduism and Buddhism. 1.  Hinduism is based on the Veda while Buddhism rejects the Veda. Veda means revealed knowledge, which one accepts in order to grow in knowledge. Buddhism accepts nothing on trust, but asks to test everything by one’s reason and experience. 2. The first principle that Vedic Knowledge posits is Sat, Being, Pure Existence, Reality. The first principle Buddhism posits is Asat, Non-Being, Non-Reality. 3. This metaphysical position is faithfully translated in the respective logical positions of the two. Buddhist logic considers negation as a simple contrary to affirmation. It is not an entity; it is the lack of entity.  Hindu logic makes of negation a positive statement but on the minus side, just as Hindu mathematics did not consider zero as valueless but gave a special position to it. 4. The Vedic Rishis declared that all existence is built upon delight, all things are born out of delight and move from delight to delight, and delight is their final culmination. Buddhism said misery is the hallmark of things created; sorrow is the marrow and pith and the great secret of existence. In sum, while Buddha was a great spiritual personality, an embodiment of compassion, the religion of Buddhism could not take complete hold of the Indian people.

Features of Karate

Features of Karate Karate-do Introduction Karate is a martial art that was originally created in Japan. The main idea of karate is battling and defending by using defensive and counteroffensive body movements including punches and kicks. The psychological and ethical characteristics of karate aim to advance and improve the student in general. The term karate is a mixture of two Chinese characters: kara (empty) and te (hand), thus karate means empty hand. The suffix -do is added to the word karate to indicate that karate as an overall way of life. An individual who practices karate is sometimes referred to as a karateka. The conventional karate-do is a difficult sport and it takes time and dedication to become a master in this martial art. Three components of karate   Ã‚   The five main karate styles are: Shotokan, Shito-ryu, Goju-ryu, Wado-ryu, and Kyokushin. Karate training is separated into three sections: Kihon, Kata, and Kumite. Kihon means basic techniques. These techniques are mostly attacking moves, blocking moves, stances, and other movements. The trainer demonstrates a certain move, which is then imitated by the student. It is vital to practice and repeat the basic fundamental movements because as a result, the student develops the right techniques. Kata means form. It is a sequence of certain movements displayed in a pattern that the student has to memorize. It represents a battle or a fight against an enemy or enemies. In karate training, every kata begins with a block and this proves that defense is the most significant aspect of karate. In karate, there are numerous katas as they help at shaping the body and mind. The katas are performed slowly with full strength and help at developing control of the entire body, mind, breathing, rhythm, and breathing. In order to perform the katas in the right way, they have to be repeated thoroughly and carefully with full relaxation and focus. Kumite means partner work. In karate, there should not be any opponents or enemies, only partners. Traditional kumite help advance karate students both mentally and physically with the help of their partners. Karate ranks In karate, different colored belts indicate the ranking and the skill level of a karate practitioner. Once a karate student has obtained a karate belt of a certain/rank, people can see your ranking and that you have dedicated your time getting to that level. Simply because somebody has a white belt tied to him/her, it doesnt mean that he/she is not experienced in karate, it means that the person is ready to thrive to gain the skill. There are nine belt colors in karate: white, orange, blue, red, black, yellow, green, purple, and brown. Not all karate schools/clubs use all of these colors and the arrangement of the belts/ranks differ from school to school. The role of an instructor is very important in karate and they have different behaviors. Some teachers easily hand out new belts without thinking and others are careful when choosing the student who deserves a higher rank. Karate belt colors vary from school to school. Some schools include the colors red and purple in their system, while others only have 7 colors. Some schools also use stripped belts with different colors. The order of the belt colors may vary, but most of the time, the white belt is for the beginner and the black belt is the highest ranked belt color. Three of the most common orders of belt colors are: 1. White, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, red, brown, black. 2. White, red, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, brown, black. 3. White, yellow, green, orange, red, blue, purple, brown, black. To get to the next phase/belt, the student is required to dedicate his time into improving every day and trying his/her best. Generally, it takes anywhere from 8 to 18 months of training and practice to move to the next phase in karate. The more you practice, the faster you will get a new belt. Each of nine colors of belts in karate have meaning behind them. White Belt: The white belt is the symbol of purity. This makes sense because those who are just starting out in karate are innocent and do not know how much work and discipline is required in order to become a master in karate. This level introduces the basics and the first ideas about karate. This is the beginning of a path to mastery. Yellow Belt: Once a student gets a yellow belt, it means that he/she is past the introductory level of karate and has basic understanding of the art and has the ability to do basic karate. The yellow belt represents energy. The student now has more control over their bodys energy. Orange Belt: The symbol of an orange belt is stability. Practicing karate includes basic punches, kicks, blocks, and postures. The basic skills gained from the first three belts will be necessary to progress in karate because all of the techniques learned in higher belts will be learned upon the basic skills. Purple belt: Once a student gets a purple belt, it means that he/she has advanced from beginner to intermediate level. At this stage, students should be able to understand all basic strikes and blocks. They should also be comfortable with controlling and moving their body in order to do a certain strike/block. Blue belt: A student who has a blue belt must learn to adapt to given situations. Karate belt colors vary from school to school. Some schools include the colors red and purple in their system, while others only have 7 colors. Some schools also use stripped belts with different colors. The order of the belt colors may vary, but most of the time, the white belt is for the beginner and the black belt is the highest ranked belt color. Three of the most common orders of belt colors are: 1. White, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, red, brown, black 2. White, red, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, brown, black 3. White, yellow, green, orange, red, blue, purple, brown, black To get to the next phase/belt, the student is required to dedicate his time into improving every day and trying his/her best. Generally, it takes anywhere from 8 to 18 months of training and practice to move to the next phase in karate. The more you practice, the faster you will get a new belt. Each of nine colors of belts in karate have meaning behind them. White Belt The white belt is the symb ol of purity. This makes sense because those who are just starting out in karate are innocent and do not know how much work and discipline is required in order to become a master in karate. This level introduces the basics and the first ideas about karate. This is the beginning of a path to mastery. Yellow Belt Once a student gets a yellow belt, it means that he/she is past the introductory level of karate and has basic understanding of the art and has the ability to do basic karate. The yellow belt represents energy. The student now has more control over their bodys energy. Orange Belt The symbol of an orange belt is stability. Practicing karate includes basic punches, kicks, blocks, and postures. The basic skills gained from the first three belts will be necessary to progress in karate because all of the techniques learned in higher belts will be learned upon the basic skills. Purple belt Once a student gets a purple belt, it means that he/she has advanced from beginner to interme diat